2025-11-03 12:33:31
编译 | 冯维维 Nature, 16 October 2025, Volume 646 Issue 8085 《天然》2025年10月16日，第646卷，8085期 高效量子热模仿 ▲ 作者：HChi-Fang Chen, Michael Kastoryano, Fernando G. S. L. Brand?o András Gilyén ▲链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09583-x ▲ 择要：量子计较机有望解决经典计较机难以处置惩罚的量子模仿问题。只管今朝已经开发出多种用在模仿量子动力学的量子算法，但合用在模仿低温量子征象的通用要领仍属空缺。于经典计较范畴，从热漫衍中采样的近似使命已经重要经由过程马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛（MCMC）要领获得解决。 研究者提出了一种高效的量子热模仿算法——该算法近似MCMC要领，具备过细均衡特征，遵照局域性道理，可作为开放量子体系中热化历程的抱负模子。MCMC要领的长期影响力预示着咱们提出的新架构将于量子计较和其于物理科学等范畴的运用中阐扬划一主要的作用。 ▲ Abstract：Quantum computers promise to tackle quantum simulation problems that are classically intractable. Although a lot of quantum algorithms have been developed for simulating quantum dynamics, a general-purpose method for simulating low-temperature quantum phenomena remains unknown. In classical settings, the analogous task of sampling from thermal distributions has been largely addressed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Here we propose an efficient quantum algorithm for thermal simulation that—akin to MCMC methods—exhibits detailed balance, respects locality and serves as a toy model for thermalization in open quantum systems. The enduring impact of MCMC methods suggests that our new construction may play an equally important part in quantum computing and applications in the physical sciences and beyond. In-plane dielectric constant and conductivity of confined water 受限水的面内介电常数与导电性 ▲ 作者：R. Wang, M. Souilamas, A. Esfandiar, R. Fabregas, S. Benaglia, H. Nevison-Andrews, Q. Yang, J. Normansell, P. Ares, G. Ferrari, A. Principi, A. K. Geim L. Fumagalli ▲链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09558-y ▲择要：水是地球上险些所有生命勾当不成或者缺的物资，其性子已经被深切研究。然而对于在界面水及强受限水的电学特征人们仍知之甚少——这种水的份子布局会偏离体相水，形成较着的分层特性。 这类布局变化估计将影响水的导电性，特别会转变其极化率，进而调控于浩繁物理化学历程中起要害作用的份子间作使劲。本研究采用扫描介电显微技能，探测了于间距小至1纳米的原子级平整外貌间受限水的面内电学性子。 当受限标准跨越数纳米时，水面内介电常数靠近体相水，质子电导率显著加强，且随水层厚度减小连续上升。但当受限水仅剩数个份子层厚度时，该趋向发生突变：其面内介电常数到达约1000的铁电体级高值，电导率则于数Sm-1处到达峰值，靠近超离子液体的特性值。 研究者将这类加强效应归因在少份子层受限引诱的强烈氢键无序化，这类无序化既促成了份子偶极子的面内极化，也加快了质子互换历程。对于纳米受限水电学特征的这一深刻熟悉，对于在理解水界面及纳米孔道中发生的诸多征象具备主要意义。 ▲ Abstract：Water is essential for almost every aspect of life on our planet and, unsurprisingly, its properties have been studied in great detail. However, disproportionately little remains known about the electrical properties of interfacial and strongly confined water, in which the structure deviates from that of bulk water, becoming distinctly layered. The structural change is expected to affect the conductivity of water and particularly its polarizability, which in turn modifies intermolecular forces that play a crucial role in many physical and chemical processes. Here we use scanning dielectric microscopy (SDM)10 to probe the in-plane electrical properties of water confined between atomically flat surfaces separated by distances down to 1 nm. For confinement exceeding several nanometres, water exhibits an in-plane dielectric constant close to that of bulk water and its proton conductivity is notably enhanced, gradually increasing with decreasing water thickness. This trend abruptly changes when the confined water becomes only a few molecules thick. Its in-plane dielectric constant reaches large, ferroelectric-like values of about 1,000, whereas the conductivity peaks at several Sm-1, close to values characteristic of superionic liquids. We attribute the enhancement to strongly disordered hydrogen bonding induced by the few-layer confinement, which facilitates both easier in-plane polarization of molecular dipoles and faster proton exchange. This insight into the electrical properties of nanoconfined water is important for understanding many phenomena that occur at aqueous interfaces and in nanoscale pores. Long-distance remote epitaxy 远间隔长途外延 ▲ 作者：Ru Jia, Yan Xin, Mark Potter, Jie Jiang, Zixu Wang, Hanxue Ma, Zhihao Zhang, Zhizhuo Liang, Lifu Zhang, Zonghuan Lu, Ruizhe Yang, Saloni Pendse, Yang Hu, Kai Peng, Yilin Meng, Wei Bao, Jun Liu, Gwo-Ching Wang, Toh-Ming Lu, Yunfeng Shi, Hanwei Gao Jian Shi ▲链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09484-z ▲择要：长途外延经由过程长途彼此作用于薄膜与衬底之间成立外延瓜葛，使患上高质量单晶外延层可以或许被转移并与其他要害技能衬底集成。学界遍及认为，于长途外延历程中，因为原子级颠簸的电势于几个原子间隔后便会迅速衰减至可纰漏的数值，长途彼此作用于外延历程中起主导作用的有用间隔应小在1纳米。 研究者初次实现了2-7纳米年夜间距前提下的长途外延。他们经由过程试验演示了CsPbBr3薄膜于NaCl衬底、KCl薄膜于KCl衬底以和ZnO微米棒于GaN衬底上的远间隔长途外延，发明每一个长途外延的ZnO微米棒下方均存于GaN衬底的位错。 这些发明注解，经由过程使用缺陷介导的远间隔长途彼此作用，可以对于长途外延举行定向设计与工程化调控。 ▲ Abstract：Remote epitaxy, in which an epitaxial relation is established between a film and a substrate through remote interactions, enables the development of high-quality single crystalline epilayers and their transfer to and integration with other technologically crucial substates. It is co妹妹only believed that in remote epitaxy, the distance within which the remote interaction can play a leading part in the epitaxial process is less than 1 nm, as the atomically resolved fluctuating electric potential decays very rapidly to a negligible value after a few atomic distances. Here we show that it is possible to achieve remote epitaxy when the epilayer–substrate distance is as large as 2–7 nm. We experimentally demonstrate long-distance remote epitaxy of CsPbBr3 film on an NaCl substrate, KCl film on a KCl substrate and ZnO microrods on GaN, and show that a dislocation in the GaN substrate exists i妹妹ediately below every remotely epitaxial ZnO microrod. These findings indicate that remote epitaxy could be designed and engineered by means of harnessing defect-mediated long-distance remote interactions. Integrated lithium niobate photonics for sub-?ngstr?m snapshot spectroscopy 实现亚埃级瞬韶光谱丈量的集成铌酸锂光子平台 ▲ 作者：Zhiyang Yao, Shuyang Liu, Yingce Wang, Xiaoyun Yuan Lu Fang ▲链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09591-x ▲ 择要：光谱学作为判断物资布局与化学身分的要害技能，已经广泛运用在浩繁科学范畴。传统光谱技能受限在窄缝或者光栅布局，必需于光谱分辩率与光学透射率之间举行衡量，于是没法同时实现高敏捷度与高效率丈量。研究者提出名为RAFAEL的亚埃级超高通量瞬韶光谱技能，该技能基在铌酸锂集成可重构光子器件，乐成冲破了上述局限。 其焦点设计采用体块铌酸锂作为干预干与掩模，具有像素级电控光谱相应能力，于连结高光学透射率的同时实现了皮米级光谱调制。该技能可于400-1000纳米波段实现0.5埃光谱分辩率（R=12,000）、2048×2048空间分辩率和73.2%总透射率，并以88赫兹速度完成瞬韶光谱收罗。经年夜量试验验证，相较在前沿光谱成像技能，RAFAEL于总透射率上晋升两倍，光谱分辩率更是实现近两个数目级的冲破。 尤其值患上存眷的是，RAFAEL于单次收罗中便可捕捉包罗所有原子接收峰的亚埃级光谱数据，同步获取多达5600颗恒星的光谱信息，相较世界顶级天文光谱仪将不雅测效率晋升100至10,000倍。这类高机能且易在集成的瞬韶光谱丈量要领，有望鞭策从质料科学到天体物理等范畴的超过式成长。 ▲ Abstract：Spectroscopy is a pivotal tool for determining the physical structures and chemical compositions of materials and environments, and it is co妹妹only used across diverse scientific fields. Conventionally, spectroscopic techniques rely on narrow slits or gratings, which impose a trade-off between spectral resolution and optical transmittance, thus precluding measurements with simultaneous high sensitivity and high efficiency. Here we introduce RAFAEL, a sub-?ngstr?妹妹 ultra-high-transmittance snapshot spectroscopic technique, which targets this trade-off with integrated and reconfigurable photonics based on lithium niobate. Its design comprises bulk lithium niobate as an interference mask with a pixel-wise electrically tunable spectral response and delivers picometre-scale modulation with a high optical transmittance. Our approach achieves 88-Hz snapshot spectroscopy with a spectral resolution of approximately 0.5? at 400–1,000 nm (R = 12,000), spatial resolution of 2,048 × 2,048 and 73.2% total optical transmittance. Compared with state-of-the-art spectroscopic imagers RAFAEL offers double the total transmittance and a nearly two orders of magnitude improvement in spectral resolving power, as verified by extensive experiments. In particular, RAFAEL captured sub-?ngstr?m spectra, including all atomic absorption peaks, of up to 5,600 stars in a single snapshot, indicating ×100–10,000 improvement in observational efficiency compared with world-class astronomical spectrometers. This high-performing yet easily integrated snapshot spectroscopic method could drive advances in fields ranging from material science to astrophysics. 航空设备Aviation equipment Proximal cooperative aerial manipulation with vertically stacked drones 近距协作式空中操控体系实现垂直重叠无人机功课 ▲ 作者：Huazi Cao, Jiahao Shen, Yin Zhang, Zheng Fu, Cunjia Liu, Sihao Sun Shiyu Zhao ▲链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09575-x ▲择要：实现多旋翼飞行呆板人的垂直重叠近距协作，将有助在履行繁杂空中操控使命。然而因为飞行器间连续存于的强烈下洗流滋扰，垂直重叠近距飞行凡是被视为需要规避的伤害工况。研究者提出名为“飞行东西箱”的协作空中操控体系，可于垂直重叠飞行前提下以亚厘米级对于接精度不变事情。 该体系由东西箱微型飞行器与机械臂微型飞行器构成。于高达13.18ms-1的下洗气流情况中，机械臂飞行器的呆板人手臂能与东西箱飞行器携带的东西实现自立对于接，对于接精度达0.80±0.33厘米。经由过程实现近距空中东西互换，飞行东西箱体系乐成化解飞行间隔与操控精度之间的抵牾，为多范畴运用中的异构交互式飞行呆板人协作提供了全新范式。 ▲ Abstract：Enabling vertical-stack proximal cooperation between multirotor flying robots can facilitate the execution of complex aerial manipulation tasks. However, vertical-stack proximal flight is co妹妹only regarded as a dangerous condition that should be avoided because of persistent and intense downwash interference generated between flying robots. Here we propose a cooperative aerial manipulation system, called FlyingToolbox, that can work stably with sub-centimetre-level docking accuracy under vertical-stack flight conditions. The system consists of a toolbox micro-aerial vehicle (MAV) and a manipulator MAV. The robotic arm of the manipulator MAV can autonomously dock with a tool carried by the toolbox MAV, in which the docking accuracy reaches 0.80 ± 0.33 cm in the presence of downwash airflow of up to 13.18 m s-1. By enabling midair tool exchange in proximity, FlyingToolbox resolves the paradox between flight proximity and manipulation accuracy, suggesting a new model for heterogeneous and interactive flying robot cooperation in diverse applications. 遗传学Genetics Cocaine chemogenetics blunts drug-seeking by synthetic physiology 可卡因化学遗传学经由过程合成心理学机制按捺药物追求举动 ▲ 作者：Juan L. Gomez, Christopher J. Magnus, Jordi Bonaventura, Oscar Solis, Fallon P. Curry, Marjorie R. Levinstein, Reece C. Budinich, Meghan L. Carlton, Emilya N. Ventriglia, Sherry Lam, Le Wang, Ingrid Schoenborn, William Dunne, Michael Michaelides Scott M. Sternson ▲链接： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09427-8 ▲择要：化学反馈于心理历程中无处不于，但如果不合错误基础功效孕育发生滋扰，则难以举行研究。成瘾性药物即为典型实例：它们经由过程作用在年夜脑加强多巴胺旌旗灯号传导[1-3]，激发药物追求与摄取的正反馈轮回。然而，经由过程转变基础多巴胺程度来干涉干与此历程，也会对于进修、运动、留意力及醒觉孕育发生负面影响。 受心理调控体系开导，研究者开发了一种高选择性的合成心理学要领，经由过程于该身体—年夜脑旌旗灯号环路中植入可卡因依靠的逆向旌旗灯号历程，来干涉干与成瘾的正反馈轮回。咱们使用卵白质工程创立了对于可卡因具备选择性相应的门控离子通道（相较在其他药物和内源性份子）。将高兴型可卡因门控通道表达在年夜鼠缰核外侧区（一个凡是被可卡因按捺的脑区），可按捺可卡因自我给药举动，且不影响食品驱动力。这一人工构建的可卡因激活化学遗传历程，降低了可卡因引诱的伏隔核区细胞外多巴胺升高。 研究成果注解，可卡因化学遗传学是一种经由过程可卡因存于时钳制多巴胺开释来匹敌药物强化的选择性要领。将来，或者可针对于其他成瘾性药物、激素和代谢物开发化学遗传学受体，助力采用合成心理学要领摸索其神经环路机制。因为这些化学遗传学离子通道对于可卡因具备特异性（不相应天然奖赏），它们也可能为可卡因成瘾的基因医治斥地新路子。 ▲ Abstract：Chemical feedback is ubiquitous in physiology but is challenging to study without perturbing basal functions. One example is addictive drugs, which elicit a positive-feedback cycle of drug-seeking and ingestion by acting on the brain to increase dopamine signalling1,2,3. However, interfering with this process by altering basal dopamine also adversely affects learning, movement, attention and wakefulness. Here, inspired by physiological control systems, we developed a highly selective synthetic physiology approach to interfere with the positive-feedback cycle of addiction by installing a cocaine-dependent opposing signalling process into this body–brain signalling loop. We used protein engineering to create cocaine-gated ion channels that are selective for cocaine over other drugs and endogenous molecules. Expression of an excitatory cocaine-gated channel in the rat lateral habenula, a brain region that is normally inhibited by cocaine, suppressed cocaine self-administration without affecting food motivation. This artificial cocaine-activated chemogenetic process reduced the cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine rise in the nucleus accumbens. Our results show that cocaine chemogenetics is a selective approach for countering drug reinforcement by clamping dopamine release in the presence of cocaine. In the future, chemogenetic receptors could be developed for additional addictive drugs or hormones and metabolites, which would facilitate efforts to probe their neural circuit mechanisms using a synthetic physiology approach. As these chemogenetic ion channels are specific for cocaine over natural rewards, they may also offer a route towards gene therapies for cocaine addiction.
